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1988 presidential campaign of Delaware Senator Joe Biden

Joe Biden for President 1988
Joe Biden President 88 logo.svg
Campaign 1988 United States presidential election
Candidate Joe Biden
U. S. Senator from Delaware
(1973–2009)
Affiliation Democratic Party
Announced June ix, 1987
Suspended September 23, 1987
Primal people Tim Ridley (manager)
Valerie Biden Owens (manager)
Larry Rasky (printing secretarial assistant)
Ted Kaufman (treasurer)
Pat Caddell (pollster/consultant)

The 1988 presidential campaign of Joe Biden, a Democratic U.S. Senator from Delaware, began in June 1987. Originally, Biden was regarded as potentially one of the strongest candidates in the field. In September 1987, however, reports emerged that he had plagiarized a oral communication by the British Leader of the Opposition and Labour Leader, Neil Kinnock. Other allegations of past constabulary school plagiarism and exaggerating his academic record soon followed and Biden withdrew from the race later that month.

Biden would run for president two more than times. His 2008 campaign likewise ended in early on failure, although he was asked to join nominee Barack Obama'southward ticket and was elected the 47th vice president, but in his third endeavor he became the Democratic Party'south 2020 presidential nominee and so was elected the 46th president of the United States.

Leading up to the announcement [edit]

Evolution of a candidacy [edit]

Biden had nurtured dreams of someday running for president going dorsum to his college days.[1] He had been mentioned amid possible contenders in the 1984 presidential election. He had considered the notion in 1983,[2] urged on by pollster Pat Caddell, who thought there was space for a immature candidate.[3] A fiery speech he gave to several Democratic audiences had simultaneously scolded Democrats for outdated thinking and encouraged them regarding future directions, and had gained him some notice in the party.[2] Even so, Biden did not enter the race that season. However, he won one vote at the 1984 Democratic National Convention.

Biden was active on the party speaking circuit from 1985 on, and was considered one of the best orators among the potential presidential candidates for 1988.[iv] The declared absence of Senator Ted Kennedy from the field, to whom Biden was sometimes compared, was likewise encouraging to a possible Biden candidacy.[3]

Biden received considerable attention in the summer of 1986 when he excoriated Secretarial assistant of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing because of the Reagan administration'southward opinion towards Due south Africa and its system of apartheid.[ane] [5]

Status amongst candidates [edit]

Biden was initially considered ane of the potentially strongest candidates every bit candidature began in 1987.[vi] This was because of his paradigm as a political moderate, his speaking ability on the stump (rated second only to that of Jesse Jackson), his entreatment to Baby Boomers, his high-profile position as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, looming for the Robert Bork confirmation hearings, and his fundraising entreatment—his $1.vii million raised in the first quarter of 1987 was more than any other candidate.[7] [8] Past the stop of Apr he had raised $ii million, using not just contributions from Delaware but also establishing a base of support amidst young professionals and Jewish voters in a number of urban- and suburban-oriented states.[9] He had no campaign debt, and Fortune mag termed his "most impressive start" a "surprise".[9]

When the campaign began, former Senator Gary Hart, who had made a stiff nomination run iv years earlier, was considered the clear front end-runner.[2] Indeed, The Wall Street Periodical referred to the 8-person Democratic field as "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs".[10] Withal, Hart then withdrew from the race in May 1987, following revelations of his friendship with Donna Rice.[2] [3]

Despite this, Biden did not run into a rise in his poll numbers immediately later the Hart withdrawal, and was particularly stagnant in polls for the Iowa caucuses.[11] Withal, Biden had confidence that he could prevail; on the eve of his annunciation, he said: "I'm going to win this thing. I really am. I simply know it, I can feel information technology in my fingertips."[11] Some political professionals saw Biden as believing that he could simply will himself to win the race, just his continued power to heighten campaign funds gave him brownie every bit a candidate.[11] Even so, later on reports advise that upwards until his announcement, Biden was actually unsure whether he wanted to run at all, and information technology took the urging of his wife Jill Biden to convince him to go forrad.[12]

Proclamation [edit]

Announcement of Biden'due south official candidacy

At the age of 44, Biden became one of the official candidates for Autonomous nomination, formally declaring his candidacy at the Wilmington railroad train station on June 9, 1987.[13]

In his speech, Biden said that Americans should rise above "the mere accumulation of textile things".[13] In linguistic communication intended to recall John F. Kennedy, he said, "For too long in this society, we accept historic unrestrained individualism over common community. For too long as a nation, we take been lulled by the anthem of self-involvement. For a decade, led by Ronald Reagan, self-aggrandizement has been the total-throated cry of this gild: 'I've got mine so why don't you lot become yours' and 'What's in information technology for me?' ... We must rekindle the burn of idealism in our guild, for aught suffocates the hope of America more than unbounded cynicism and indifference."[thirteen]

Biden also laid out the platform he was running on, which included a middle stance between protectionism and free trade, opposition to the Reagan Strategic Defence force Initiative, and back up for child welfare, reduction of poverty, and the war against illegal drugs.[3] Biden also emphasized the demand for integrity in government.[iii]

Campaign staff and policy team [edit]

Biden's campaign manager was Tim Ridley, his printing secretary was Larry Rasky, and his pollster and strategist was Pat Caddell.[xi] [14] Biden'southward Senate chief-of-staff Ted Kaufman served equally the campaign treasurer and principle fundraiser.[9] [xi] John Marttila served as a political consultant and Tom Donilon served as another strategist.[11] Biden'due south sister Valerie Biden Owens as well served a major role in running the campaign, as she had in all of his Senate campaigns,[15] and was considered "first among equals" in making decisions.[11]

Entrada [edit]

Summer 1987 [edit]

Once underway, Biden's campaign messaging became confused due to staff rivalries and bickering.[11] [16] Four different themes were presented, sometimes simultaneously: "Pepsi Generation", "Voice of optimism", "Salvage the children", and "Scold the voters".[fourteen] Pollster Pat Caddell in particular was a disruptive force within the campaign, but he had been Biden'southward friend for fifteen years.[fourteen] Another of the themes was generational alter; Biden hoped to inspire a new generation, equally John F. Kennedy had inspired his.[17] Indeed, Biden had a theory of presidential elections as a bike, wherein there are candidates, such as he saw himself, who can bring with them big spurts of sometimes disruptive progress, followed by periods of adjustment in which voters adopt candidates who can "let America catch its breath."[12]

However, the generational change theme was not catching on especially well.[18] Biden was likewise hurt by his never having been a player in the Washington social scene.[nineteen] He would afterwards write that his messaging had been "a bit opaque, like audiences were hearing me through a veil. ... I started looking at the race through the incorrect prism. I looked around, judg[ing] myself confronting the other potential candidates for the nomination ..."[12]

He received somewhat mixed notices for his functioning in the first of the Democratic presidential primary debates,[12] which was held at the Wortham Theater Eye in Houston, Texas on July 1, 1987, during a special production of William F. Buckley'south Firing Line program.[20] Biden received audience applause for his energy policy in favor of domestic oil production, for his objections to what he called unfair trade practices of foreign countries, and for his criticisms of the Reagan administration'south policies in Central America.[twenty]

Biden was also suffering from having to divide his attention betwixt the entrada, Senate responsibilities (including handling the Bork nomination), and family unit duties, but he campaigned intensively nonetheless.[12] A profile at the fourth dimension in the Dallas Morning News assessed him thusly: "He brings to the entrada an ingratiating manner and a quick wit with considerable Irish amuse plus an ability to rouse audiences that few Democrats can match. But he as well brings a reputation as a showboater and a hothead with a penchant for windiness."[one] Such was his propensity to continue talking at campaign appearances that staffers gave reporters a note saying that "Senator may stray from prepared remarks".[12] Then, as throughout his career, Biden was, equally the New York Times later profiled, "a 'gut politician,' ... swaggering, advertizing-libbing, liable to become carried away in front end of a crowd."[12]

By Baronial 1987, Biden'due south campaign had begun to lag behind those of Michael Dukakis and Richard Gephardt,[7] although he had nevertheless raised more funds than all candidates but Dukakis, and was seeing an upturn in Iowa polls.[8] [21]

Kinnock controversy [edit]

Major controversy aggress Biden's candidacy, first on September 12, 1987, with loftier-profile articles in The New York Times and The Des Moines Annals.[22] Biden was accused of plagiarizing a speech past Neil Kinnock, leader of the British Labour Party.[23] Kinnock's speech, delivered to a Welsh Labour Party briefing on May 15, 1987, and so rebroadcast during the U.k. 1987 general election, made reference to his background and that of his wife Glenys. It included the lines:

Why am I the first Kinnock in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? [Pointing to his wife in the audition:] Why is Glenys the kickoff adult female in her family in a k generations to be able to go to university? Was it considering all our predecessors were thick?

Biden's speech made reference to himself and his wife Jill, and included the lines:

I started thinking equally I was coming over hither, why is it that Joe Biden is the outset in his family ever to get to a university? [Pointing to his married woman in the audience:] Why is information technology that my wife who is sitting out there in the audience is the first in her family unit to ever get to college? Is it because our fathers and mothers were not bright? Is information technology because I'1000 the first Biden in a thousand generations to get a higher and a graduate caste that I was smarter than the residue?[23]

Biden went on to duplicate other parts of Kinnock's spoken language, such equally their forebears' ability to read and write poetry, their strength in working for hours undercover in a mine but to come up upwards and play football game later on, and their being limited by lack of a "platform" upon which to stand.[23]

Biden had in fact cited Kinnock as the source for the formulation on previous occasions.[24] [25] However, he made no reference to the original source at the August 23 Democratic contend at the Iowa Country Fair being reported on,[26] nor in an August 26 interview for the National Education Association.[25] Moreover, while political speeches frequently appropriate ideas and language from each other, Biden's use came under more scrutiny because he made aspects of his own family's background in order to match Kinnock's.[17] [27]

Following the Kinnock attention, reports came from the San Jose Mercury News of Biden giving a February three, 1987, speech to the California Democratic Political party that reused without credit passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy, and of Biden giving 1985 and 1986 speeches that did the same with a passage from a 1976 speech by Hubert H. Humphrey.[28] [29] In the Kennedy case – which got the greater attention, since there was pic footage of both versions that television news programs could play side-past-side – Pat Caddell stated that the reuse without credit was his own fault, and that he had never informed Biden of the source of the material.[28] Information technology was likewise reported that the California speech had taken a brusque phrase from the 1961 inaugural address of John F. Kennedy.[29]

Subsequently Biden withdrew from the race, information technology came to lite that he had indeed correctly credited Kinnock on other occasions. However, in the Iowa speech that was recorded and distributed to reporters (with a parallel video of Kinnock) past aides to Michael Dukakis, the eventual nominee, he failed to do and then. Dukakis, who disowned any knowledge of the Kinnock video, fired John Sasso, his entrada manager and long-time Chief of Staff, simply Biden'south campaign could not recover.[17] [30]

Bookish revelations [edit]

During the Kinnock controversy, at that place was word of an incident during Biden's beginning year at Syracuse University School of Police in 1965. Biden initially received an "F" in an introductory course on legal methodology for writing a paper relying almost exclusively on a unmarried Fordham Police force Review article, which he had cited only one time.[27] Biden was allowed to echo the class and passed with loftier marks.[31] Though the and so-dean of the law school, as well as Biden's quondam professor, downplayed the incident, they did find that Biden drew "chunks of heavy legal prose direct from" the article in question. Biden said it was inadvertent due to his not knowing the proper rules of citation.[27] Later on ending his presidential campaign, Biden requested the Lath of Professional Responsibleness of the Delaware Supreme Court review the issue. The Board concluded on December 21, 1987, later on Biden had withdrawn, that the senator had not violated any rules, although Biden did non release this result until May 1989.[32]

When questioned by a New Hampshire resident about his grades in law school, Biden replied "I think I probably have a much higher IQ than you do, I suspect,"[33] and and so had inaccurately said that he had graduated in the "top half" of his class, that he had attended police force school on a full scholarship, and had received three degrees in college.[34] In fact, he had earned a single B.A. with a double major in history and political scientific discipline, and had received a half scholarship to law school based on fiscal need with some additional assistance based in role upon academics, and had graduated 76th out of 85 in his law school form.[34] During this time, Biden likewise released his undergraduate grades, which were unexceptional.[27]

Youth activism [edit]

Earlier and during the entrada, Biden had a trend to invent a past every bit a marcher in the Civil Rights Motility. For example, in a February 1987 speech in New Hampshire, he said, "When I marched in the civil rights movement, I did not march with a 12-signal program. I marched with tens of thousands of others to change attitudes. And we changed attitudes."[12] Statements of this nature had been made by Biden going back to at least 1983.[27] Such statements concerned campaign advisors, who knew they did not represent a truthful recollection of Biden's past; Biden said he understood, only continued to make them.[12]

Following the Kinnock and academic revelations, reporters pressed Biden on the matter.[27] Biden best-selling that his activities were actually limited to i summer job incident, where while working as a lifeguard at a swimming puddle, he learned of racial inequality problems and joined black lifeguards in establishing a picket line around a local movie theater that had a segregation policy.[1] Biden said, "The civil-rights movement was an awakening for me, non as a issue of my participation but equally a outcome of my being fabricated aware of what was happening."[one] Speaking to reporters, he objected to this line of questions as a whole, saying, "I find you lot going dorsum and proverb, 'Well, where were you lot, Senator Biden, at the time?' – you know, I recollect information technology'southward bizarre. ... Other people marched. I ran for office."[12]

Withdrawal [edit]

On September 17, 1987, Biden held a press conference at the United States Capitol in an effort to address these questions and put the issues backside him.[27] He best-selling that "I've done some dumb things, and I'll practise dumb things over again."[12] All the same, he vowed to stay in the race regardless.[12] A number of Biden's senate colleagues supported him regarding the controversies, including longtime Democratic fixture Robert C. Byrd and Republican Alan Simpson, who quoted Theodore Roosevelt'southward "The Man in the Arena" spoken language.[27]

However, the Kinnock and academic revelations were magnified by the limited corporeality of other news about the nomination race at the time,[35] when most of the public were non withal paying attention to whatever of the campaigns; Biden thus savage into what Washington Post writer Paul Taylor described as that twelvemonth's tendency, a "trial by media ordeal".[36] Every bit Valerie Biden Owens afterwards said, "It was a tsunami."[12] Biden lacked a strong demographic or political grouping of support to assistance him survive the crisis.[21] [37] The controversy also hit Biden in his most vulnerable area, accentuating the notion that he lacked mental and verbal discipline.[38]

Biden withdrew from the nomination race on September 23, 1987, saying his candidacy had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.[39] His formal campaign had lasted but three and a half months.

Backwash [edit]

Considering of his early on withdrawal, Biden did not participate in the 1988 caucuses and primaries, in which Governor Michael Dukakis defeated Jesse Jackson, Senators Al Gore and Paul Simon, and other longer-standing contenders.[40]

In retrospect, Biden would take the blame for his mistakes during the entrada. On one, he said, "All I had to say was 'Like Kinnock.' If I'd just said those 2 words, 'Like Kinnock,' and I didn't. It was my mistake, nobody else's fault."[26] On another, he ruefully recalled, "'Hey pal, you want to compare IQs?' What an immature thing to say."[33]

Biden had felt poorly physically during parts of the campaign, suffering repeated headaches and at one point in September 1987 having to halt a spoken communication in New Hampshire for 15 minutes after feeling faint.[33] During his fourth dimension on the road he carried an oversize bottle of Tylenol with him.[12] In February 1988, he suffered the offset of two brain aneurysms that required life-saving surgery and seven months away from the Senate in order to convalesce.[41] [42] [43] Biden and others would speculate that had his entrada non ended early, the aneurysms might accept been more than severe or detected afterward and that he might not take lived out the twelvemonth.[fifteen] [33]

In whatsoever example, Biden would not run again for the presidency until his 2008 campaign, twenty years later. This time he fabricated it to the Iowa caucuses, but withdrew after a poor showing. Meanwhile, Biden and Kinnock had become close friends after the plagiarism incident.[44] During 1988, Biden and his son Young man had visited Kinnock in Britain, with Kinnock later on maxim they "got on like a house on fire", calling him "good company and [...] 1 of the good fellas."[45] Meeting once more in August 2008, afterward Biden had been chosen by Autonomous nominee Barack Obama as his running mate, Biden introduced Kinnock to his Senate staff by maxim: "Hey, you people! Do you know this guy? He used to be my greatest speechwriter."[44] Obama and Biden proceeded to win the general ballot against the Republican ticket of John McCain and Sarah Palin. Biden'due south 1988 entrada lapses were never a meaning issue in the race, and Biden invited Kinnock to the inauguration.[46]

In 2015, every bit Obama'due south second term neared completion, Biden considered a possible 2016 presidential bid. He decided not to, in big part due to the recent expiry of his son Swain from brain cancer.[47] The Kinnock controversy and other failings of the 1988 entrada were not considered to be major factors in the 2016 decision,[48] nor were they considered probable to exist a gene in his determination procedure regarding whether to attempt another run.[49]

On April 25, 2019, Biden appear his 2020 campaign for the presidency.[l] This time he was the front runner, and the failures of his 1988 bid again received scrutiny.[12] [51] Biden nonetheless at times became confrontational with voters, at i point issuing a similar IQ test challenge.[52] Following defeats in the starting time few contests, Biden staged a crucial win in the Southward Carolina primary; equally news accounts described, it was his first-ever win in a presidential nominating contest in his third such campaign.[53] He leveraged that into a winning campaign and became the Democratic nominee for president.[54]

In the general election he defeated incumbent President Donald Trump and became the President-elect of the United states. In doing so he completed what ane media outlet termed "a decadeslong quest to get president" and "fulfilled a long and winding route to the presidency that outset began in 1988 just twice ended in failure."[55] Biden was inaugurated as the 46th President of the United States on January twenty, 2021.[56]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Leubsdorf, Carl P. (August 23, 2008). "Lifelong ambition led Joe Biden to Senate, White House aspirations". The Dallas Morning time News. Archived from the original on September nineteen, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d Germond, Jack; Witcover, Jules (1989). Whose Wide Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. ISBN0-446-51424-1. pp. 215–216
  3. ^ a b c d e Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook 1987. New York: H. West. Wilson Company. p. 45.
  4. ^ Germond and Witcover, Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars?, p. 43.
  5. ^ Toner, Robin (Baronial 1, 1986). "Washington Talk: Politics: Senator Biden'due south Charge". The New York Times. p. A12. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved September xi, 2019.
  6. ^ Drew, Elizabeth (1989). Ballot Periodical: Political Events of 1987-1988. Wm. Morrow. ISBN0-688-08332-3. p. 131.
  7. ^ a b Toner, Robin (August 31, 1987). "Biden, Once the Field'south Hot Democrat, Is Being Overtaken by Libation Rivals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved February nine, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Taylor, Come across How They Run, p. 83.
  9. ^ a b c Dowd, Ann Reilly (June 8, 1987). "Who's Ahead in the '88 Coin Race". Fortune. Archived from the original on Baronial seven, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  10. ^ Thompson, Hunter S. (1988). Generation of Swine: Tales of Shame and Degradation in the '80'southward. Simon & Schuster. p. 243.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Romano, Lois (June 9, 1987). "Joe Biden & the Politics of Belief" (fee required). The Washington Post.
  12. ^ a b c d east f g h i j k 50 chiliad n o Flegenheimer, Matt (June 3, 2019). "Biden'south First Run for President Was a Calamity. Some Missteps Still Resonate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June iii, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  13. ^ a b c Dionne Jr. E. J. (June x, 1987). "Biden Joins Campaign for the Presidency". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved February nine, 2017.
  14. ^ a b c Taylor, Paul (1990). Meet How They Run: Electing the President in an Historic period of Mediaocracy. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN0-394-57059-vi. pp. 102–103.
  15. ^ a b Copeland, Libby (Oct 23, 2008). "Campaign Curriculum". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
  16. ^ Taylor, Encounter How They Run, pp. 108–109.
  17. ^ a b c Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Annual of American Politics. Washington: National Journal Grouping. ISBN978-0-89234-116-0. p. 364.
  18. ^ Drew, Ballot Journal 1987-1988, p. 17.
  19. ^ Bosman, Julie (November 21, 2008). "'Amtrak Joe' No More". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  20. ^ a b Wallace, Jeremy (September xi, 2019). "Houston's concluding Democratic presidential argue was in 1987. Joe Biden was there, too". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 15, 2019. Retrieved September xiv, 2019.
  21. ^ a b Cook, Rhodes (1989). "The Nominating Process". In Nelson, Michael (ed.). The Elections of 1988 . Congressional Quarterly, Inc. ISBN0-87187-494-six. p. 46.
  22. ^ Taylor, See How They Run, pp. 89, 91.
  23. ^ a b c Dowd, Maureen (September 12, 1987). "Biden'due south Fence Finale: An Repeat From Abroad". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Feb 24, 2009. Retrieved Feb nine, 2017.
  24. ^ Randolph, Eleanor (September 13, 1987). "Plagiarism Suggestion Angers Biden's Aides". The Washington Post. p. A6. Archived from the original on Oct 11, 2017. Retrieved July half-dozen, 2017. (subscription required)
  25. ^ a b Risen, James; Shogan, Robert (September 16, 1987). "Differing Versions Cited on Source of Passages : Biden Facing New Flap Over Speeches". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  26. ^ a b Germond and Witcover, Whose Broad Stripes and Brilliant Stars?, pp. 230–232.
  27. ^ a b c d eastward f m h Dionne, East. J., Jr. (September 18, 1987). "Biden Admits Plagiarism in School Only Says Information technology Was Not 'Malevolent'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
  28. ^ a b Germond and Witcover, Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars?, pp. 233–234.
  29. ^ a b Dowd, Maureen (September 16, 1987). "Biden Is Facing Growing Debate On His Speeches". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  30. ^ Larry J. Sabato (July 21, 1998). "Joseph Biden's Plagiarism; Michael Dukakis'south 'Attack Video' – 1988". The Washington Mail service. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  31. ^ Lee May (September 18, 1987). "Biden Admits Plagiarism in Writing Law School Brief". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September xi, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  32. ^ "Professional person Board Clears Biden In 2 Allegations of Plagiarism". The New York Times. Associated Printing. May 29, 1989. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved February ix, 2017.
  33. ^ a b c d Germond and Witcover, Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars?, p. 235.
  34. ^ a b Dionne Jr. E. J. (September 22, 1987). "Biden Admits Errors and Criticizes Latest Report". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  35. ^ Pomper, Gerald M. (1989). "The Presidential Nominations". The Election of 1988. Chatham Business firm Publishers. ISBN0-934540-77-two. p. 37.
  36. ^ Taylor, Run into How They Run, pp. 86, 88.
  37. ^ Taylor, See How They Run, pp. 88–89.
  38. ^ Drew, Election Periodical 1987-1988, p. 16.
  39. ^ Dionne Jr. E. J. (September 24, 1987). "Biden Withdraws Bid for President in Wake of Furor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  40. ^ White, Mike; Brummer, Alex (November viii, 1988). "Road to the White House paved with dirty tricks". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved Feb 24, 2021.
  41. ^ Altman Lawrence, M.D. (February 23, 1998). "The Doc's World; Subtle Clues Are Often The Only Warnings Of Perilous Aneurysms". New York Times. Archived from the original on Nov 23, 2020. Retrieved Baronial 23, 2008.
  42. ^ "Biden Resting After Surgery For 2nd Brain Aneurysm". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 4, 1988. Archived from the original on Jan 24, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  43. ^ "Biden speaks – and speaks – his own heed". Las Vegas Dominicus. Associated Press. August 22, 2008. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  44. ^ a b "He borrowed Kinnock's voice communication, but Neil'due south backing Joe all the fashion". WalesOnline website. Media Wales Ltd. Baronial 25, 2008. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved Oct 12, 2008.
  45. ^ Smith, David (September 7, 2020). "Neil Kinnock on Biden's plagiarism 'scandal' and why he deserves to win: 'Joe'due south an honest guy'". The Guardian . Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  46. ^ "Interview". The Andrew Marr Evidence. BBC. January xviii, 2009.
  47. ^ "Joe Biden announces he will not run for president in 2016". The Guardian. October 21, 2015. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved October vi, 2016.
  48. ^ Rothman, Lily (October 21, 2015). "This Is What Happened the First Time Joe Biden Ran for President". Time. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  49. ^ Frank, T. A. (May 2, 2017). "The Definitive Instance for Joe Biden to Run in 2020". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September iii, 2018.
  50. ^ "How Joe Biden fared in two previous White House bids". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Press. April 25, 2019. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved Apr 26, 2019.
  51. ^ Satija, Neena (June v, 2019). "Echoes of Biden's 1987 plagiarism scandal go along to reverberate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  52. ^ Allyn, Bobby (December five, 2019). "In Tense Exchange, Biden Calls Iowa Voter A 'Damn Liar,' Challenges Him To IQ Test". NPR. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  53. ^ McCall, Rosie (March one, 2020). "Biden Victory in Southward Carolina His Kickoff Main or Conclave Victory Always in Three Runs For President". Newsweek. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  54. ^ Edelman, Adam (June 6, 2020). "Biden secures Autonomous presidential nomination for November showdown confronting Trump". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  55. ^ Chinchilla, Rudy (November vii, 2020). "Joe Biden Wins Pennsylvania, Clinching Presidency in Historic Improvement". WCAU-TV. Archived from the original on November eight, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  56. ^ "Biden and Harris inauguration live: Joe Biden becomes the 46th US president". BBC News. January 20, 2021.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign

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